Volpiceli
Este texto analisa as evidências disponíveis quanto ao Corão, Maomé ou Meca.
1. Meca é descrita como uma cidade dentro de um vale verdejante, com fontes e rios. Só que Meca fica numa planície desértica, sem árvores, rios ou fontes.
2. Meca seria uma cidade grandiosa, berço da humanidade, onde viveram Adão e Eva, e um grande centro comercial por onde passavam caravanas. Entretanto, documentos dos povos que viviam na região naquela época citam Aden, Jerusalém, Damasco, Cairo, Bagdá, mas não Meca.
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3. Segundo a história islâmica, Maomé teria morrido no ano 632 e a primeira versão do Corão dataria de 652. Os fragmentos mais antigos sobreviventes datam de um século depois. Estão incompletos e divergem uns dos outros e da versão oficial. Um deles foi escrito por pessoas diferentes ao longo de mais de 60 anos e é visível que a narrativa foi mudando ao longo do tempo. Outros estão cheios de palavras raspadas e modificadas ou com versões diferentes escritas nas entrelinhas ou em tiras de papel coladas por cima de certos trechos.
4. A vida de Maomé só foi escrita mais de um século depois de sua morte, obviamente por pessoas que não testemunharam nada.
5. A expansão árabe teria começado logo depois da morte de Maomé, mas não há menção a ele ou ao islamismo nos registros árabes e persas durante, pelo menos, os primeiros 60 anos. Ou seja, não há indícios de que os invasores fossem da religião islâmica nos primeiros tempos. Pelo contrário, há registros de califas ainda adotando rituais cristãos.
https://compassthroughchaos.medium.com/muhammad-is-as-real-as-the-lord-of-the-rings-5322b0bbe1===================================
Muhammad: History or Myth?The mighty Prophet lives in a valley, a splashing stream of water paves its way through it, and another valley inscribes its plains facing parallel. The Pillar of salt is on the outskirts, which Muhammad trudges and passes through, at dawn and dusk.
Vegetation surrounds the place with its fields, trees, grass, clay, loam, and ‘Olive trees’.(Quranic description of Muhammad’s dwelling place)
Islamic story connotes this place as Mecca, where the Prophet lived and received the first revelations of Islam.
In reality, Mecca is a dry, arid plain, it has no stream going through it, doesn't have any water except for one well, the Zamzam Well, which couldn't even accommodate the caravans which went there, has no fields, trees, grass, clay, loam or ‘Olive trees’.
There are no Olive trees except in the Mediterranean World, which is 600 miles further North of Mecca. There have never been any Olive trees in Arabia. So, was that place truly Mecca, which the Quran talks about as the dwelling place of Muhammad?
Islamic narrative of MuhammadThe Classical account of Muhammad says that he was born in 570, in this city called Mecca, in the Hashim clan(a subtribe of Quraysh). During one of his solitary vigils on Mount Hira, Muhammad encounters an angel, who grabs him to suffocation and asks him to recite the word of God (As per the traditional Islamic narrative).
He is petrified by the phenomenology of his experience and condones it as some sort of Demonic possession. He receives the word of Allah, the one true omniscient, omnipotent master of the Cosmos, in form of revelations from that angel over the period of 23 years(610–632).
He receives the formative revelations during 610–622 in Mecca, later on, he migrates to the city named Yathrib(now Medina), connoted in Islamic tradition as Hijrah, marking the beginning of the Islamic Calendar.
In Medina, as a political and spiritual leader, he fairly engages in warfare against the local tribes and his own previous clan of Quraysh. He conquers Mecca by 630, breaks the Pagan Idols and deities, and the Kaaba, the sacrosanct site of polytheistic worship, is reassigned as a place of Islamic worship and pilgrimage. Muhammad dies in 632.
Quest for Muhammad: Historical AnalysisTo gauge the truth of any historical faction or narrative, we first gotta have a holistic amount of skepticism and Objectivity. Historical analysis is a method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past.
It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, artifacts, and excavations from the archeological record. It also includes Redaction criticism, Literary criticism, and Source criticism.
Primary Sources of Islamic theology and tradition
As the standard Islamic narrative goes, the first standardized version of the Quran written down was in 652 under the rule of Caliph Uthman. After decades of relentless and tenacious scholarly historical and Source research, all we have today are the 6 oldest manuscripts of the Quran, neither of them from time even close to Uthman.
They date from the early to mid-8th century, corresponding to the later Umayyad period. Topkapi Mushaf, the best and most complete of the manuscripts that exist today, dates back to mid 8th century, nearly a century after Uthman, and includes most of the Quran, out of which only 78% can be read.
Topkapi Manuscript, photo source: Wikimedia Commons
Out of that 78% of the feasible reading portion, there are 2,270 manuscript variants, which implies the words and phrases that are different in that Quran from the Quran we have today.
The Samarqand Manuscript is also dated back to the early to mid-8th century, before the Topkapi, and contains only up to Sura(Chapter) 43. The Quran consists of 114 Suras. It is full of grammatical errors, scribal and copyist errors as per the scholarly remarks.
Samarqand Manuscript, photo source: Wikimedia Commons
We also have Ma’il Manuscript in the British Library, Al Husseini Manuscript in Cairo, Paris-Petropolitanus, and the Sana Manuscript in Yemen.
Parisino-petropolitanus.
They all date back to the early and mid-8th century, And all of ’em carry manuscript variants, words, and phrases different from the Quran as we see today.
The Sana Manuscript contains different numerations and Chapter arrangements with respect to the other Qurans, and the evolution of script within the text, which clearly infers to the text being modified and changed over time. Imagine, within the coherent narrative of a book the subsequent pages containing two different scripts which differ by 60–70 years of linguistic difference. Astonishing, indeed!
Sana Manuscript, photo source: Wikimedia Commons
These scripts are filled with a range of corrections: hundreds of Insertions, words that are put above the line, added at a later date. A large number of Erasures, where the words were erased. There are also erasures that are overwritten, erasing the previous text and putting new on top of it.
There is overwriting without erasure as well, new writing on top of a pre-existing line. Scholars have also found tapings on top of pages, Not on the account of damage, but in an attempt to Cover the previous text to write the new one. These scripts are infested with selective coverings, covering only specific parts of the text.
There are over 800 corrections, which do change the meaning of the text, and it carries on ’til the 9th century, to bring about a standardization.
How about the other SourcesSo we have the first Manuscripts of Quran from the early to the mid-8th century. The Biography of Muhammad was written by Ibn Hisham(Siratul Rasu’allah) by 833 CE, which was in turn based upon the works of primarily Ibn Ishaq’s work from the late 8th century, and the manuscript of Ibn Ishaq’s works are nowhere to be found.
The First saying and course of Muhammad’s political, military, and religious endeavors lived in due course of his life, called the Hadiths came around by the late 9th century, the first and the most prominent one being the One from Al Bukhari in 870, that is 240 years after the demise of Muhammad!
Bukhari is said to have had 600,000 inscriptions and references regarding the subject, out of which he picks 7397 of ’em, which is less than 2%, and discards the rest (98%)of it.
The first Commentaries on Islamic literature, called Tafsirs or Ta’rikhs, came by the year 923CE, written by Al Tabari. Notice that we’re talking 10th century here, whereas Muhammad died in 632. These folks who wrote the Islamic literature were neither living at the time of Muhammad nor knew him personally or got it from eyewitnesses or people who knew Muhammad personally.
On what credibility does this version of literature stands as factually and historically accurate, which in turn is deemed true and sacrosanct by over 2 billion individuals…?
Historical references to MuhammadHistorically we see the claims that Islam and Quran were the binding force amongst the different warring Arab tribes, that brought about the conquest of the Arab world and Persians within a very small period of time after Muhammad’s death(632), the era called Rashidul Caliphate.
It is rather striking that there’s no mention of the religion of Islam, the holy book Quran, or any Prophet named Muhammad, neither by the people who were conquered nor by the supposed Muslim Caliphs themselves, for 60 years of Muhammad’s purported death.
The first mentions that we get of Islam or Muhammad are in the 690s, most prominently in the Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, 691, which was built to flaunt the superiority of the conquerors over the existing Jew and Christian regimes, and establishing the symbolic superiority of their God and thus creed.
The Quranic inscriptions mentioned on the Dome of the Rock are in several passages which include different verses from a wide range of chapters (Suras).
For Instance, there’s this passage subsuming the commandments of Allah and negation of Jesus’s divinity. It comes from the Chapter(64:1), Chapter(57:2), Chapter(9:15), Chapter(4:171), Chapter(19:33)and Chapter(3:18) in a consecutive fashion.
With no previous mentions of Quran and this jumbled picking of verses for ascertaining a certain narrative, it would be quite a reasonable assumption that these verses were compiled into the book later. Also, the overall message ensconced in those verses is of polemical nature.
Previous to this we also see the supposed Muslim Caliphs endorsing crosses on the coins and fire altars, which is strictly against the Islamic tradition as we see in Chapter(4:157), the negation of Jesus’s supposed crucifixion and a sense of despicable perception towards idolatry, as in (4:76), (2:193) and (2:217).
We see these themes of antagonism towards the cross and idol worship as elucidated in Sira’h and hadiths, in the attitude of Muhammad, but also in the Islamic conquerors with well-recorded histories. Even today, you can’t wear crosses or publically proclaim your religious difference in countries that follow Islamic law.
How about MeccaMecca is a very important place from an Islamic standpoint. The followers of the faith grow up believing this tale of the prominent place, Mecca, as the center, not only of Islam but of all humanity.
Islamic narrative clearly adheres to its claim of Adam and Eve were in Mecca, and that’s the scriptural dawn of mankind. That’s where Abraham with his son Ishmael built the Kaaba, which every believer of the faith of Islam is supposed to face while they offer prayers and they’re enjoined for a pilgrimage, at least once in their lifetime.
Faith aside, did anyone know Mecca, during the time in which the standard Islamic narrative tries to convince us that Mecca was prominent…?
There are no historical records of any grand city, nor of the assumed trade route which went through it. On the extensive research on the trade records, which had to be shifted westwards as a consequence of stretched military conflict between the Persian Empire(Sasanians) and the Roman Empire(Byzantines).
Historical analytics clearly point out to the fact, that in those times, the expense of 50 miles of transportation by land was equal to 1250 miles by sea.
The alternative trade route, Photo Source
There are no mentions of any city named Mecca in any of the trade records. We also don’t find any ports in that region, which might be attributed to the reason that the Arabs were primarily Nomadic tribes, and had little to do with the seas and waters.
Also, Mecca is not in the contemporary records of neighboring Sabaeans, Himyarites(now southern Yemen), Assyrians(contemporary Iraq), Babylonians or even the cities from western Arabia have no mentions of any city named Mecca!
On the other hand, they do have mentions of Aden, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, and all the major cities of the time. The Islamic claim of Mecca being the cradle of humanity and civilization is incompatible with any historical record.
What do we ConcludeHistorically there’s no evidence of a man who existed in 7th century Arabia, with even a proximal resemblance and anointed prominence of the Character of Muhammad as we see in the Islamic biographical literature, the Sira’s, and the prominent Islamic traditions.
Nor is there any historical and factual underpinning of the Grandiose that is Mecca, as purported in the Islamic story. History eludes Islam!
If it so happens that someone tells you a compelling story with incredible details, and you ask them for the basis of that story and they tell you another story upon which the first story was based, and it goes on, that’s what we call a Myth, and that process in refered to as piling up the hypotheses.
Facts, on the other hand, are grounded upon evidence.
There’s no evidence to support these grand claims of there being a powerful socio-political and military figure named Muhammad in 7th-century Arabia or his stories. Nor does the city he is supposed to have lived in bear any resemblance to what we find in the Quranic description.
You ask a question about the claims, and you get a story, which again has no evidence for it. Muhammad is indeed a Myth!
Yathārtha Gautama
https://compassthroughchaos.medium.com/muhammad-is-as-real-as-the-lord-of-the-rings-5322b0bbe1